Sustainable nanotechnology and scientific literacy: an integrated approach to ovarian cancer theranostics

Abstract

Introduction: Ovarian cancer remains one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies, with limited clinical progress despite conventional therapeutic advances. Its multifactorial complexity highlights the need for innovative strategies that integrate pharmacological efficacy, sustainability and social responsibility principles.

Objectives: This work aims to apply sustainable nanotechnology to ovarian cancer theranostics by converting viticulture byproducts into high-performance nanocarriers, while promoting scientific literacy and supporting a circular economy.

Methodology: As an initial step toward green synthesis, nanometric graphene oxide (NGO) was chemically synthesized, characterized, and functionalized. Conjugates with doxorubicin (NGO@DOX) were developed to enable pH-responsive controlled release. In parallel, a citizen science strategy will be implemented, following a co-creation model involving wine growers and rural community members in the characterisation of wine-making bioresidues, the definition of sustainability criteria, and the assessment of the socioeconomic impact of their application as pharmaceutical raw material. Participatory workshops will integrate co-design activities and  discussions on sustainability, nanotechnology and oncological health.

Results: NGO@DOX exhibited stable drug binding at neutral pH and efficient release under acid conditions, promoting targeted and controlled delivery. NGO showed tunable optical properties suitable for bioimaging and photothermal applications. These findings support future "Green-Graphene" synthesis from Douro vineyard biowaste, conjugated with an antineoplastic drug (paclitaxel) and a chemosensitizer (resveratrol), to develop multifunctional nanoconjugates with synergistic effects. The participatory framework is expected to enhance scientific literacy and sustainable territorial innovation.

Conclusion: NGO-based conjugates demonstrate effective drug release and bioimaging potential, supporting the transition toward sustainable synthesis using vineyard waste while promoting health education and resource valorization.